[Change of protocol in the verbal autopsy method and measure of malaria mortality in rural areas in Senegal]. / Changement de protocole dans la méthode d'autopsie verbale et mesure de la mortalité palustre en milieu rural sénégalais.

In rural Senegal, three populations have been followed up since several decades and the malaria mortality trend has been observed since the mid-1980s. However, limits are associated with the verbal autopsy method used to determine causes of death, especially deaths due to malaria. A change in protocol occurred in recent years in two of these three sites with the involvement of two physicians (instead of only one) in the diagnosis. The objective is here to measure its potential impact on diagnosis of malaria deaths. Five hundred and fifteen diagnoses reported on child deaths occurred from 2000 to 2005 have been analysed. We have identified, on the basis of a multinomial logistic regression model, factors affecting the determination of malaria deaths among the characteristics of the child, the death, the illness and its symptoms, and we also took into account method factors. Factors related to the method do not play on the malaria diagnosis. This result insures the continuity of the series on malaria mortality statistics since 2000 in the two sites despite changes in the method. However, the new protocol leads to vanish possibility of having deaths among ill-defined or unknown causes. In the African context of absence of health statistics, data obtained through the verbal autopsy method in demographic surveillance system can provide accurate information in the epidemiological field, even regarding malaria.

Impact of a harm-reduction policy on HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission among drug users: recent French data--the ANRS-Coquelicot Study.

In France a harm-reduction policy was implemented in the late 1980s with the aim of reducing the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among drug users. The ANRS-Coquelicot survey was designed to measure the prevalence of HIV and HCV infection among drug users and to examine determinants of at-risk behaviors. In 2002, information was collected from 166 drug users recruited in all types of services specializing in drug use intervention and harm reduction in Marseille, France. Self-reported HIV and HCV serostatus was compared with the results of serological tests done on capillary blood collected on filter paper. The self-reported and biologically documented prevalence rates of HIV infection were identical (22%). In contrast, the self-reported prevalence of HCV infection was 52%, whereas the biologically documented prevalence was 73%. Overall, 30% of HCV-infected drug users were unaware of their status. Forty-four percent of drug users under 30 years of age were HCV seropositive, suggesting that they had been infected early during drug use. The harm-reduction policy seems to have had a marked impact on HIV transmission among drug users but a much more limited impact on HCV transmission. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

Demography of French anaesthesiologists. Results of a national survey by the French College of Anaesthesiologists (CFAR) and the French National Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), supported by the National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The perception of a looming manpower shortage led the French College of Anaesthesiologists (CFAR) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), with assistance from the National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), to conduct a national survey of French anaesthesiologists in order to determine precise physician characteristics data, analyse professional practices and project future service provision. METHODS: The survey was based on self-administered individual questionnaires, approved by the National Committee on Informatics and Freedom (CNIL). The survey was carried out at the end of 1998 among 1484 hospitals (590 public and 894 private), under the supervision of local referees and regional co-ordinators. RESULTS: Of 9741 anaesthesiologists' posts, 5694 (58%) are in public hospitals, 3569 (37%) in private practice and 478 (5%) in private hospitals within the National Health Service, i.e. the participant au service public hospitalier (PSPH). Complex validation of the results was necessary to account for the missing responses and multiple sites of activity. The survey identified 8876 specialists practising anaesthesia and intensive care in France at the beginning of 1999, including 216 in French overseas territories. This figure is consistent with that published by the Medical Council (Ordre des Médecins) on 1 January 1999, identifying 8950 anaesthesiologists in France, including 234 in the overseas territories. Annual growth in the anaesthesiologist population has fallen from 9% pre-1989 to 0% in 1999. Male anaesthesiologists outnumber females (35.7%). The average age has risen from 42.8 yr in 1989 to 45.9yr in 1999. The age distribution of anaesthesiologists has become bell shaped, reflecting reduced numbers of younger practitioners. There are currently 14.75 anaesthesiologists per 100 000 people (compared to 12.9 in 1989), a figure slightly above the European average, but there is considerable geographical inequality between the north and south of France, with increased concentrations in large cities that contain university hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Future service provision must take account of falling numbers of new anaesthesiologists and an increase in retirements, but must also include changes in working practices, such as the European Working Time Directive. If anaesthesia manpower shortages are to be avoided, there must be a restructuring of the work-place, a redefinition of tasks and improved management of working time.

[Anesthesiologists in France. First results of the national survey conducted in 1999 by the French College of Anesthesiologist, The French National Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care with the scientific support of the National Institute for Demographic Studies]. / Les médecins anesthésistes-réanimateurs en France en 1999. Premiers résultats de l'enquête démographique nationale Cfar-Sfar-Ined.

OBJECTIVES: Fears related to the future of anaesthesia manpower in France have led the French College of Anaesthesiologists (Cfar) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Sfar), in scientific partnership with the National Institute for Demographic Studies (Ined), to set-up a national survey among French anaesthetists (MAR) practicing in France, to describe their demographic evolution and to analyse their professional activities. METHODS: The survey was based on a personal questionnaire, filled by each individual, approved by the National Commission on Informatics and Freedoms (CNIL). The survey was conducted in November 1998, in the 1484 hospitals, public (590) and private (894) where anaesthetics are performed, under the control of local and regional referents. RESULTS: The anaesthesiologists positions count gave a total of 9741 positions shared between 5694 in public practice (58%), 3569 in private practice (37%) and 478 in private hospitals taking part to the national health service-PSPH (5%). The evaluation of the number of anaesthesiologists from the number of positions has made necessary a methodology of rectification of the survey to take in account the lack of response and the multiple sites of activity. The survey allows an evaluation of around 8876 physicians practising anaesthesia and intensive care in France at the beginning of 1999, among them 216 overseas. This census is in concordance with the count made by the Medical Council--Ordre des médecins--which published a number of 8716 anaesthesiologists in France, and 234 overseas, at the 1st January 1999, corresponding to a total of 8950. The annual demographic growth has felt from 9% per year, before 1989, to reach the level zero, in 1999. The masculinisation of the speciality is growing with a proportion of 35.7% of females, as well as ageing, the overage of age increasing from 42.8 in 1989 to 45.9 years in 1999. The pyramid of ages does not correspond to a growing population but to ageing people due to a decrease of the youngest classes. The medical density of 14.75 anaesthesiologists for 100,000 inhabitants in 1999, compared to 12.9 in 1989, is slightly above the European average, but the geographic distribution is very unequal between north and south, the large cities, centre of a university hospital, and the smaller one even if a reduction of differences is observed. The study and the analysis of professional activities bring important data to take in account side of demographic evolution. CONCLUSION: The demographic evolution must integrate non-only the reduction of the entries in the speciality, of the retirements, but also the sociological evolutions linked to the working time reduction. The solutions face to the promised shortcut of manpower consist of a reorganisation of the structures, a new definition of tasks and managements, without the possibility to avoid and adjustment of the anaesthesiologists population.